Albania

Albania

Main articles: Origin of the Albanians, Illyria, Illyrians, Thraco-Illyrian, and List of ancient tribes in Illyria

King Gentius, The last ruler of the Ardiaean dynasty.

The Illyrians were a group of tribes who inhabited the western Balkans during the classical times. The territory the tribes covered came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors, corresponding roughly to the area between the Adriatic sea in the west, the Drava river in the north, the Morava river in the east and the mouth of Vjosë river in the south.[11][12] The first account of the Illyrian peoples comes from the Coastal Passage written by Periplus, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.[13]

Several Illyrian tribes that resided in the region of Albania were the Ardiaei, Taulantii and Albanoi[14] in central Albania,[15] the Parthini, the Abri and the Caviii in the north, the Enchelei in the east,[16] the Bylliones in the south and several others. In the westernmost parts of the territory of Albania, along with the Illyrian tribes, lived the Bryges,[17] a Phrygian people, and in the south[18][19] lived the Greek tribe of the Chaonians.[17][20][21]

Queen Teuta of the Ardieai orders the Roman ambassadors to be killed.

In the 4th century BC, the Illyrian king Bardylis united several Illyrian tribes and engaged in conflicts with Macedon to the south-east, but was defeated. Bardyllis was succeeded by Grabos,[22] then by Bardylis II,[23] and then by Cleitus the Illyrian,[23] who was defeated by Alexander the Great.  Around 230 BC, the Ardiaei briefly attained military might under the reign of king Agron. Agron extended his rule over other neighbouring tribes as well.[24] He raided parts of Epirus, Epidamnus, and the islands of Corcyra and Pharos. His state stretched from Narona in Dalmatia south to the river Aoos and Corcyra. During his reign, the Ardiaean Kingdom reached the height of its power. The Ardiaean army and fleet made it a major regional power in the Balkans and the southern Adriatic. The king regained control of the Adriatic with his warships (lembi), a domination once enjoyed by the Liburnians. None of his neighbours were nearly as powerful. Agron divorced his (first) wife. Around 231 BC, Agron suddenly died after his triumph over the Aetolians. Agron's (second) wife was Queen Teuta, who acted as regent after Agron's death. According to Polybius, she ruled "by women's reasoning".[25] Teuta started to address the neighbouring states malevolently, supporting the piratical raids of her subjects.  After capturing Dyrrhachium and Phoenice, Teuta's forces extended their operations further southward into the Ionian Sea, defeating the combined Achaean and Aetolian fleet in the Battle of Paxos and capturing the island of Corcyra.  Later on, in 229 BC, she clashed with the Romans and initiated the Illyrian Wars. These wars, which were spread out over 60 years, eventually resulted in defeat for the Illyrians by 168 BC and the end of Illyrian independence when King Gentius was defeated by a Roman army after heavy clashes with Rome and Roman allied cities such as Apollonia and Dyrrhachium under Anicius Gallus.  After his defeat, the Romans split the region into three administrative divisions,[26] called meris.[27]